Reflections, Approaches, and Symbols: When Memory is a Celebration

Notes

1. Carolina Escobar Sarti, Te devuelvo las llaves (Guatemala: F&G Editores, 2010).

2. According to Nico Poulantzas, the material crystallization of a social phenomenon occurs if its permanence becomes a social fact accepted by the collective even if the social forces are in opposition.

3. In the same vein as Poulantzas’ ideas, there is a correlation of forces and a set of social relations occurring within an economic (capitalist) system where everyone is part of the game and has a role on the board. The social facts that take place on this board are established when all these actors, forces, and relations “condense” and result in the facts remaining, whatever their motivations or objectives in the social-economic-political plane, as long as they give character to the game.

4. Circumstances that can be summarized as impoverishment, access to poor education or no access to education, and working conditions that force alienation.

5. Perhaps the classification of these collectivities is more of a response to a definition of classes, but at this moment in Latin American life and after the pandemic phenomenon, socioeconomic mobility is not completely defined and economic thinking, as well as class consciousness, often does not respond to the class reality of individuals.

6. It has been 200 years since the independence of the provinces of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The signing of the act on September 15, 1821, which put an end to Spanish colonial rule, gave rise to the current states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

7. Carolina Escobar Sarti, Te devuelvo las llaves (Guatemala: F&G Editores, 2010).

8. By “dissident presence” I refer to the recognition of dissident bodies, levels of autonomy of Indigenous peoples, collectives organized post armed conflict, and other actors that are a counterweight in the local political and social sphere.

9. The ways of life, beliefs, community, and economic dynamics of Indigenous peoples are, in general terms, contrary to the plans of the Latin American nation-states, mainly because they oppose the unifying banners that are the main elements of the domination of hegemonic history.

10. I am referring to Jacinta Xon, Rosa Chávez, Chumilkaj Nicho, Sandra Xinico, Negma Coy, Anny Ventura, Marilyn Boror, Kaypa Tzikin, Niebla Púrpura (Luis Morales Rodriguez), and Edgar Esquit, among many others.

11. Mario Roberto Morales, Conceptos básicos de la interculturalidad https://mariorobertomorales.info/recursos-educativos/interculturalidad/